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Posted: Wed Nov 28th, 2007 08:48 pm |
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After searching the Forum for information, below is compilation of various things found on the forum, the web, and Kaplan. Hope this helps everyone. Good luck!
Know what partnering is:
Bridging is used with Design Build concept when there are 2 teams, one with the Architect who does the main planning and then you have a separate architect-contractor who does the construction document and construction. The first Architect still oversees the work as it’s his design.
Partnering is a team of people with the Architect / Project Manager and other consultants who have certain meetings to discuss the process of the project construction. They try to avoid delays and conflicts. A concept whereby the owner; architect and contractor work in a joint, non-adversarial relationship to complete a project. It can be used with any project delivery method.
-issues are resolved quickly
-eliminates litigation
-increased productivity
-fewer errors
-improved safety and quality
Exit Capacity:
Exit width is based on Occupant load. In a multi-story building, the occupant load of the highest floor with the greatest number of occupants will be the load to determine the required egress width of stairs or exits (doors).
Assume the occupant load factor for stairs is 0.3 for stairs and 0.2 for other egress components in a non-sprinklered building.
Example>
-Floor Three, 150 occupants
-Floor Two, 250 occupants
-Floor One, 500 occupants
The floor with the greatest occupant load for stair egress is level 2. Level one does not count for stairs because occupants have exited the vertical egress system (stairs) by the time they reach level 1.
The total occupant load exiting the building will need to be considered for exit width capacity of doors. Each door, and a minimum of two exits required, will each have an occupant load capacity factor of 0.2 occupants per inch of door width divided by the total number of exits.
Example: Total occupant load = 250 occ. / 2 = 125 * 0.2 inches per occupant.
125 * 0.2 = 25". (minimum door width for ADA 3'-0") so each exit at level one needs to be 36" wide. (This is typical of codes in general. One exception to a code provision can override another, the most stringent condition prevails).
The occupant load will be based on USE. The occupant USE will vary. Business use is one occupant for each 100 sq. ft. of gross floor area while Assembly Use is based on net area and a much more dense load factor of between 1 person per 15 sq. ft to one person to 5 sq. ft. depending on the type of Assembly use.
- Codes are what we design by as minimums. Learn as much as you can about them. The basis for all divisions of the ARE are minimum health and safety provisions prescribed by model codes, usually the International Building Code, 2003 or later.
To add to this, some occupancies under some codes have cummulative requirements.
For example large assembly occupancies under NFPA 101 require the main entry to accomodate 50% of the entire building load.
Stairs typically do not have cummulative loads because the protective enclosure of the stair shaft holds a large number of occupants while they egress and the way in which occupants flow into the stair from multiple points at different distances from the exit discharge.
Codes such as NFPA allow for alternative methods of calculating requrired egress width based upon occupant flow models
Parking lot dimensions, parking space dimensions, circulation dimensions
300 SF / space
area/space = W x (D + 1/2 A) = 9x30 = 270sf. Plus 10% for landscaping = 300sf
24’ for aisle
9’x18’ per space
ADA parking requirements
8 feet wide for car plus 5-foot access aisle
1 to 25 1 space
26 to 50 2 spaces
51 to 75 3 spaces
76 to 100 4 spaces
98 inches of vertical clearance for van accessibility-At least one of every 8 accessible spaces
ADA codes and egress requirements
Maximum handicapped ramp/slope is 8.333% or 1:12. That also includes a max rise of 30" per ramp.
Area of refuge: 30 inches by 48 inches
[/url] [url=http://www.architectureweek.com/cgi-bin/awimage?dir=2000/0816&article=news_1-1.html&image=11101_image_2.gif]
What building forms are appropriate for earthquake zones (watch for that reentrant corner) LATERAL FORCE
The fundamental period of a building depends in a complex way on the stiffness of the structural system, its mass, and its total height. Structural systems using
concrete or masonry shear walls are stiff and result in buildings with short periods, whereas more flexible momentframe systems have longer periods. In general, a large portion of the earthquake energy is contained in short-period waves. Therefore, short-period buildings with stiff structural systems are designed for larger forces than ongperiod, flexible, buildings. This concept is also applicable to the amount of force individual structural seismic elements and their components must resist. Stiff elements must be made stronger because they will attempt to resist larger earthquake forces than flexible elements in the same structural system. Shape or configuration is another important characteristic that affects building response. Earthquake shaking of a simple rectangular building results in a fairly uniform distribution of the forces throughout the building. In a more complex T- or L-shaped building, forces concentrate at the inside corners created by those shapes. Similar problems arise when a building has floor or roof levels of adjacent portions offset vertically (split levels), or when the first story is taller or “softer” than the other stories. Irregularly shaped buildings, shown below, are subject to special design rules because otherwise they can suffer greater damage than regularly shaped buildings.
Boundary Chord in Compression
Split Levels Cruciform Plan L-Shaped Plan Tall, Soft, or Weak First Story Boundary Chord in Tension
Liquefaction: Soil liquefaction describes the behavior of loose saturated cohesionless soils, i.e. loose sands, which go from a solid state to have the consistency of a heavy liquid, or reach a liquefied state as a consequence of increasing porewater pressures, and thus decreasing effective stress, induced by their tendency to decrease in volume when subjected to cyclic undrained loading (e.g. earthquake loading). Liquefaction is more likely to occur in loose to moderate granular soils with poor drainage, such as silty sands or sands and gravels capped or containing seams of impermeable sediments [1]. Deposits most susceptible to liquefaction are young (Holocene-age, deposited within the last 10,000 years) sands and silts of similar grain size (well-sorted), in beds at least several feet thick, and saturated with water. Such deposits are often found along riverbeds, beaches, dunes, and areas where windblown silt (loess) and sand have accumulated. Some examples of liquefaction include quicksand, quick clay, turbidity currents, and earthquake liquefaction. The resistance of the cohesionless soil to liquefaction will depend on the density of the soil, confining stresses, soil structure (fabric, age and cementation), the magnitude and duration of the cyclic loading, and the extent to which shear stress reversal occurs
Types of Streets:
1. Expressway
2. Arterial
3.
4.
Covenants, deeds along with their significance and use as tools in creating suburban sprawl
Wonderlands
Architecture review board: They have no jurisdiction. ARB's are not a substitute for planning. They get involved after planning approval and only deal with aesthetics and sometimes size.
-Design compatibility
-Style
-Color
-Size
Deed Restriction - any clause in a deed which restricts the future use of a parcel of land by the buyer of the land is a deed restriction. They can be quite broad, limit the type, density or even use of buildings on the site.
Covenant is a legal agreement used to protect or uphold a condition of use in a parcel of land. A covenant is a legal agreement used to protect or uphold a condition of use in a parcel of land.
To moderate microclimate, should we use materials with low/high albedo and low/high conductivity?
-Low albedo such as concrete can store heat during day and release it for use at night.
- Conductivity measures the rate at which heat transfer through a material. Low conductivity would mean less heat gain/loss.
One Should conclude that materials with low albedo and low conductivity would help to moderate microclimate?
Co Generative Energy
Azimuth: defined as the angle, usually measured in degrees (°), between a reference plane . The solar azimuth angle is the azimuth angle of the sun. It is most often defined as the angle between the line from the observer to the sun projected on the ground and the line from the observer due south. A positive azimuth angle generally indicates the sun is east of south, and a negative azimuth angle generally indicates the sun is west of south. Others define solar azimuth as the angle from due north in a clockwise direction.
Altitude: altitude (Alt), sometimes referred to as elevation, that is the angle between the object and the observer's local horizon.
Arbitration: is a legal technique for the resolution of disputes outside the courts, wherein the parties to a dispute refer it to one or more persons such as (the "arbitrators", "arbiters" or "arbitral tribunal"), by whose decision (the "award") they agree to be bound.
1. Arbitration is often faster than litigation in court
2. arbitration can be cheaper
3. arbitral proceedings and an arbitral award are generally private
4. the arbitral process enjoys a greater degree of flexibility than the courts
Mediation: Mediation, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), aims to assist two (or more) disputants in reaching an agreement. Whether an agreement results or not, and whatever the content of that agreement, if any, the parties themselves determine — rather than accepting something imposed by a third party. The disputes may involve states, organizations, communities, individuals or other representatives with a vested interest in the outcome.Mediators use appropriate techniques and/or skills to open and/or improve dialogue between disputants, aiming to help the parties reach an agreement (with concrete effects) on the disputed matter. Normally, all parties must view the mediator as impartial.
Benchmark: In everyday language, a benchmark is a point of reference for any measurement. In surveying a benchmark is specifically a survey marker with a precisely known vertical elevation. On a specific construction project, surveyors will use temporary benchmarks, typically a wooden post hammered into the ground. More enduring benchmarks may be chiseled into a wall (the usual type in the UK) or marked by a small brass or aluminium disk, steel pin, or bolt attached to a stable foundation, such as a concrete post, bridge abutment, building, or a purpose-made concrete block. These markers are then used as starting (control) points for subsequent surveys to establish the elevation of nearby points. The height of a benchmark is calculated relative to the heights of nearby benchmarks in a network extending from a fundamental benchmark, a point with a precisely known relationship to the level datum of the area, typically mean sea level. The position and height of each benchmark is shown on large-scale maps.
New Urbanism: The new urbanism is a reaction to sprawl, based on planning and architectural principles working together to create human-scale, walkable communities. It is rooted in the work of architects, planners, and theorists who believed that conventional planning thought was failing.
Social philosopher and historian Lewis Mumford criticized the "anti-urban" development of post-war America. The Death and Life of Great American Cities, written by Jane Jacobs in the early 1960s, called for planners to reconsider the single-use housing projects, large car-dependent thoroughfares, and segregated commercial centers that had become the "norm."
In the 1970s and 1980s, New Urbanism emerged with the urban visions and theoretical models for the reconstruction of the "European" city proposed by architect Leon Krier, and the "pattern language" theories of Christopher Alexander. These eventually coalesced into a unified group in the 1990s.
The New Urbanism includes traditional architects and those with modernist sensibilities. Some work exclusively on infill projects, others focus on transit-oriented development, some attempt to transform the suburbs, and many work in all these categories. All believe in the power and ability of traditional neighborhoods to restore functional, sustainable communities.
1. New Urbanist developments are purchased quickly by interested home buyers, but have captured only a small share of the residential market. Developers continue to build conventional suburban projects, be The neighborhood has a discernible center. This is often a square or a green and sometimes a busy or memorable street corner. A transit stop would be located at this center.
2. Most of the dwellings are within a five-minute walk of the center, an average of roughly 1/4 mile or 1,320 feet.
3. There are a variety of dwelling types — usually houses, rowhouses, and apartments — so that younger and older people, singles, and families, the poor, and the wealthy may find places to live.
4. At the edge of the neighborhood, there are shops and offices of sufficiently varied types to supply the weekly needs of a household.
5. A small ancillary building or garage apartment is permitted within the backyard of each house. It may be used as a rental unit or place to work (for example, an office or craft workshop).
6. An elementary school is close enough so that most children can walk from their home.
7. There are small playgrounds accessible to every dwelling — not more than a tenth of a mile away.
8. Streets within the neighborhood form a connected network, which disperses traffic by providing a variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes to any destination.
9. The streets are relatively narrow and shaded by rows of trees. This slows traffic, creating an environment suitable for pedestrians and bicycles.
10. Buildings in the neighborhood center are placed close to the street, creating a well-defined outdoor room.
11. Parking lots and garage doors rarely front the street. Parking is relegated to the rear of buildings, usually accessed by alleys.
12. Certain prominent sites at the termination of street vistas or in the neighborhood center are reserved for civic buildings. These provide sites for community meetings, education, and religious or cultural activities.
13. The neighborhood is organized to be self-governing. A formal association debates and decides matters of maintenance, security, and physical change. Taxation is the responsibility of the larger community.
Seaside Florida: is an unincorporated master-planned community on the Florida panhandle roughly midway between Fort Walton Beach and Panama City. It was founded by builder/developer Robert Davis on land that he had inherited from his grandfather. The town plan was designed by architects/new urbanists Andrés Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk. Seaside is located in Walton County.
Seaside is over 50,000 square feet. The community is often cited as the first New Urbanist development. At the time of Seaside's construction, Walton County had no zoning ordinance, leaving Seaside's founders able to plan with a comparatively free hand. In the absence of these regulations (e.g., minimum lot size, separation of uses), Duany and Plater-Zyberk (DPZ) were able to design a mixed-use development with densities greater than conventional suburban development.
DPZ hired architects such as Melanie Taylor and Robert Orr to design the buildings and housing for the development. Seaside is primarily a resort community, consisting of residents who live there for months at a time as well as vacationers renting cottages and houses.
Seaside is often cited as an example of successful implementation of New Urbanism. Time magazine has called it "the most astounding design achievement of its era and, one might hope, the most influential"[1] It has been used as a model for other New Urbanist developments in the United States and abroad. However, some have criticized Seaside as being overly rigid (the community's architectural standards provide strict limitations on the external aesthetics of the houses), resulting in conformity of style rather than creativity -- which some people call a manufactured fantasy. Others have criticized the community for its lack of socioeconomic diversity, which some see as particularly ironic given that the community was itself modeled on the diverse and urban neighborhoods of large North American cities such as New York City and San Francisco.
However, Seaside (and New Urbanism more generally) has had a significant impact on urban planning in many cities. New Urbanist developments continue to proliferate across North America, and many planners and urban designers are beginning to understand the importance of mixed-use and higher density communities (see Transit-oriented development).
Seaside includes works by Steven Holl, Machado & Silvetti, Deborah Berke, Walter Chatham, Dan Solomon, Alex Gorlin, Aldo Rossi, Sam Mockbee, David Mohney, and Jersey Devil.
PUD: think that what Quicksilver is saying that PUD changes the sense of zoning. Zoning as it was, meant a sort of segregation of uses. While PUD adopts modified zoning regulations where densities are higher and uses can be mixed. (So it could now help to create a better community (a)) Still the best answer to me w/out a doubt is "to maintain land value" . that's what zoning is about.
Solar Energy Basics
Site Analysis Process
A201 and B141 are crucial
All the details of the programming phase
Programming only determines the client needs and goals without consideration of how these are to be met.
The building code comes into play during the design phases.
Ideally programming occurs without reference to site or construction type.
It only defines the problem to be solved.
Correct solar orientation
About austere forms of stripped down classical ornament?)
Holabird and Roche:
Holabird studied at the United States Military Academy at West Point but resigned and moved to Chicago, where he later got married. He worked for William Le Baron Jenney. He established the firm of Holabird & Simonds in 1880 with Ossian Simonds, another draftsman from Jenney's office. Martin Roche joined him in 1881, and shortly afterward Graceland Cemetery became one of their first commissions. Simonds left the practice in 1883 to concentrate on landscape design, and the firm was renamed Holabird & Roche.
Together they contributed many innovations to the architecture of the time, especially in what is now referred to as Chicago School. They designed several influential buildings, including the Marquette Building and the Gage Building. The latter included a façade designed by Louis Sullivan and was cited a Chicago architectural landmark in 1962.
The Chicago Auditorium: (Adler & Sullivan)
The Auditorium was built for a syndicate of businessmen to house a large civic opera house; to provide an economic base it was decided to wrap the auditorium with a hotel and office block. Hence Adler & Sullivan had to plan a complex multiple-use building. Fronting on Michigan Avenue, overlooking the lake, was the hotel (now Roosevelt University) while the offices were placed to the west on Wabash Avenue. The entrance to the auditorium is on the south side beneath the tall blocky seventeen-story tower. The rest of the building is a uniform ten stories, organized in the same way as Richardson's Marshall Field Wholesale Store. The interior embellishment, however, is wholly Sullivan's, and some of the details, because of their continuous curvilinear foliate motifs, are among the nearest equivalents to European Art Nouveau architecture."
The Auditorium Building of Roosevelt University in Chicago, Illinois is one of the best-known designs of Dankmar Adler and Louis Sullivan. The building is located on South Adler and Sullivan designed a tall structure with load-bearing outer walls, and based the exterior appearance partly on the design of H.H. Richardson's Marshall Field Warehouse, another Chicago landmark. The Auditorium is a heavy, impressive structure externally, and was more striking in its day when buildings of its scale were less common. When completed, it was the tallest building in the city.
One of the most innovative features of the building was its massive raft foundation, designed by Adler in conjunction with engineer Paul Mueller. The soil beneath the Auditorium consists of soft blue clay to a depth of over 100 feet, which made conventional foundations impossible. Adler and Mueller designed a floating mat of crisscrossed railroad ties, topped with a double layer of steel rails embedded in concrete, the whole assemblage coated with pitch.
The resulting raft distributed the weight of the massive outer walls over a large area. However, the weight of the masonry outer walls in relation to the relatively lightweight interior deformed the raft during the course of a century, and today portions of the building have settled as much as 29 inches. This deflection is clearly visible in the theater lobby, where the mosaic floor takes on a distinct slope as it nears the outer walls. This settlement is not because of poor engineering but the fact the design was changed during construction. The original plan had the exterior covered in lightweight terra-cotta, but this was changed to stone after the foundations were under construction. Most of the settlement occurred within a decade after construction, and at one time a plan existed to shorten the interior supports to level the floors but this was never carried out.
Michigan Avenue, at the northwest corner of Michigan Avenue and Congress Parkway. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.[1]
Exterior detail of the theatre from Congress Parkway.
The Auditorium Theatre, a Chicago Landmark, is part of the Auditorium Building and located at 50 East Congress Parkway. The theatre was the first home of the Chicago Civic Opera and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. Today the Auditorium Building is the home of Roosevelt University. It was designated a Chicago Landmark on September 15, 1976.[3] In addition, it is a historic district contributing property for the Chicago Landmark Historic
Calculate a slope
A really strange question on building efficiency. The efficiency ratio was 1.40. I kid you not. It was
Something about an aircraft hanger and offices adjoined to that building. The hanger was essentially over efficient.
Personal space requirement according to use
-ALS Site Design 1 says 13 s.f. for easy movement, 7 s.f. for crowd movement, 3 s.f. for no movement. Kaplan Pre-Design test bank says 2 s.f. for the minimum space for a standing adult male in an elevator.
Historic movements and the main people involved
FLW buildings
Main US city's planning systems
Zoning (Know everything associated with this) - I got at least 12 questions on zoning
Conventional zoning will distribute the units more or less evenly across the site.
- Conventional zoning would place 5 units on each acre.
- Conventional zoning would not be able to develop the wetland (hopefully) and therefore
would have only 15 developable acres and would net only 75 untis.
-Conventional zoning will distribute the units more or less evenly across the site.
-Conventional zoning would not be able to develop the wetland (hopefully) and therefore would have only 15 developable acres and would net only 75
untis.
Cluster zoning will cluster the units together and leave more of the site undeveloped.
- Cluster zoning might place 10 units on each of 10 acres and leave 10 acres open.
- Cluster zoning may result in a higher net density. Such as if 5 acres of the site are wetland.
- Cluster zoning could use the wetlands as part of the open space and still achieve a total of
100 units on the remaining parcel
-Cluster zoning will cluster the units together and leave more of the site undeveloped.
-Cluster zoning could use the wetlands as part of the open space and still achieve a total of 100 units on the remaining parcel.
FE: a twenty acre site zoned for 5 units per acre Gross Density. Total allowed units = 100.
Air Rights: The right to use the space above a property for other development. Usually involves development over a small building or over railroad lines or highways. Air rights are a type of development right in real estate. Generally speaking, owning or renting land or a building gives one the right to use and develop the empty space above the property. Those rights are air rights. Supposedly, this legal concept is based on an ancient Latin saying: Cuius est solum, ejus est usque ad caelum et ad inferos ("To whoever owns the land, shall belong the earth to its center and up to the heavens.").[1]
Buffer Zone A piece of land used to separate incompatible land uses. Can include a strip of vacant land, trees, berms (hills), extra-large yards or height restrictions.
Buildable Area The portion of the lot that can be developed. Equals the area of the entire lot minus the required open space.
Building Line The line beyond which the building cannot extend. Also called the setback or yard line.
Building Efficiency ratio: The building efficiency ratio is measured in percentages. It compares the assignable area against the gross area of the building. Thus, a building efficiency ratio of 68:100 would indicate that 68 per cent of the gross area is made up of assignable areas. the remaining 32 per cent of the gross area is the sum of the building's construction area and non-assignable area."
Amortization The process by which, and the timeline during which, nonconforming uses must be discontinued.
Covenant A private restriction on use of the land, usually written into the deed. Such restrictions are private because they aren't written into the zoning ordinance or other city law.
Cluster Development Method of development where buildings are kept to one part of the property ("clustered"), leaving the rest as open space.
Certificate of Occupancy Certificate issued by a local official, usually the zoning administrator, permitting use of the building.
Development Rights A type of easement that includes the legally permissible development on the land but not ownership of the land. If transfer of development rights is allowed, the development rights can be moved to another property.
Easement A right granted by the owner of land (the grantor) to another party (the grantee) to use the land in a specified manner without transferring ownership of the land. The grantee can be a private party or a public agency. For instance, a farmer could sell her development rights to a park district, which would make sure that the land cannot be developed.
Eminent Domain The power of the government to seize private land. The seizure must be for public purposes, even though the land may a forced transfer to another private party. Just compensation must be given to the landowner under the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.
Floor area, net The usable floor area of a building, not including mechanical rooms, elevators, etc. Floor Area Ratio The ratio of total floor area to the size of the lot (both measured in square feet).
Floor area, gross The total area of all floors of the buildings, not just the usable floor area.
Highest and Best Use The use of the property that would bring the owner the most profit.
Neighborhood Zoning Zoning that is determined by neighborhood (or ward) rather than for an entire city. The elected official(s) for the area usually have approval authority. Some minor zoning requests may be heard solely by neighborhood officials.
Nonconformities Uses or other features of the property that are conflict with the relevant laws. When new zoning codes are adopted most nonconformities are either "grandfathered in" (allowed to remain indefinitely) or given an amortization period.
Special Use Uses that do not conform with the predominate uses in the area but that will not negatively impact those other facilities. Special uses require approval by the Zoning Board of Appeals
Spot Zoning Zoning undertaken for a small area. Spot zoning that is not in accordance with the comprehensive plan is illegal because it is often arbitrary.
Zero Lot Line A more flexible way of interpreting setbacks that allows buildings to provide both side yards on one side, instead of one on either side. For instance, an R4 development could have no side yard on one side and five feet on the other side, creating one useable yard from two unusable yards.
Riparian Rights: is a system of allocating water among those who possess land about its source. It has its origins in English common law. It is used in the United Kingdom and states in the eastern United States. Under the riparian principle, all landowners whose property is adjacent to a body of water have the right to make reasonable use of it. If there is not enough water to satisfy all users, allotments are generally fixed in proportion to frontage on the water source. These rights cannot be sold or transferred other than with the adjoining land, and water cannot be transferred out of the watershed.
Defensible space: is a concept first proposed by the architect Oscar Newman and developed further by Alice Coleman. It is the idea that crime and delinquency can be controlled and mitigated through environmental design. The idea is important because it relates an individual's environment to his or her expectation of crime in the community.
There are four factors that make a defensible space:
- Territoriality, or the idea that one's home is sacred
- Natural surveillance, or the link between an area's physical characteristics and the residents' ability to see what is happening
- Image, or the capacity of the physical design to impart a sense of security
- Milieu, or other features that may affect security, such as proximity to a police substation or busy commercial area
The term Defensible space is also used in the context of wildfires, especially in the wildland/urban interface. In this context, defensible space is the area around a structure that has been landscaped to reduce fire danger. This space reduces the risk that fire will spread to the structure, and also provides firefighters a relatively safe area in which to work while protecting the structure. In areas prone to wildfires, firefighters will often not attempt to protect structures that do not have adequate defensible space, both for safetey reasons and because such efforts are unlikely to be successful.
Most agencies recommend that the defensible space around a structure extend for at least 100 feet (30 meters) in all directions. This area need not be devoid of vegetation, but plants should be selected, trimmed, spaced and irrigated in such a way to minimize the fuel available to the fire and hamper the spread of the fire.
AIA contracts
Delivery methods
Programming
General code questions (a lot more general than what I expected)
Construction scheduling
budgeting
transit systems
soils
FAR
Construction contracts
Soils
Amortization
You can speak to amortizing any cost over any period of time. Variations of amortization are used for life-cycle costing, cost-benefit analyses, value engineering, comparisons, ...
Virtually any time you want to see how a cost impacts the bottom line, you may look at amortization.
What is Direct Personnel Expense?
Costs directly associated with having employees such as payroll, payroll taxes & benefits. It does not include consultants or overhead items such as office or liability insurance.
How is adaptive reuse different from rehabilitation in Historic preservation?
Adaptive Re-use" is repairing the building for a new function. While, "rehabilitation" is repairing the building for the old use or a new one.
adaptive reuse is primarily related to programming
rehabilitation is primarily related to construction
Preservation- retains the maximum amount of the historic fabric along with the building's historic form, features, and detailing as they have evolved over time. Example: Mesa Verde National Park, ***
Rehabilitation- acknowledges the need to alter or add to an historic building to meet new or continuing uses, while retaining the building's historic character. Example: Union Station, Washington, D.C.
-Rehabilitation is not limited to keeping the same building function. It can keep the old functuion or be "adapted" to the new "use".
Restoration- depicts the building at a particular point in time by preserving features and fabric from the period of significance and removing others. Example: Mt. Vernon, Virginia
Reconstruction-establishes a limited framework for re-creating vanished or non-surviving buildings with new materials, primarily for interpretive purposes. Example: Colonial Williamsburg
It is also important to remember that all buildings that undergo "Rehabilitation" must meet modern life safety, ADA and building codes, even if it means ripping out historic fabric. Just because it is old doesn't mean you have to save it. The building must function in the modern world and the NPS recognizes this. Also, sometimes if the historic area can not be used or rehabilitated an acceptable approach is to encapsulate the area for protection if a future renovation can somehow use it. For example, encapsulating a decorative metal column in a music hall because it will deflect sound too much. Also, keep in mind that a building built in 1956 can be considered "historic" and doesn't have to be covered in ionic columns and ornate carvings.
Historic Sequencing
The restoration of a 100 year-old neglected public landmark will include new windows, electrical and elevator modernization, murals conservation, and exterior masonry stablilization. Which of the following construction sequences is most appropriate.
1. "Masonry stabilization" is first because it is messy and potentially will have the building open to the elements
2. Window replacement would be next because it exposes the building to the elements and you want to seal up the building ASAP to protect those murals. If the question asked for window repair, you could argue that it might be put later in the sequence, since the entire window would not be removed from the opening. But for this question it is second.
3. "Elevator Modernizaton" means they are updating the existing elevator and therefore not exposing the building to the elements. This is where NCARB is trying to trick you with this question. If the question indicated elevator replacement, then it would move to the front of the order. Replacement invovles putting a decent size hole in the building. While "masonry stabilization" maybe a bigger job( potenially the entire building), you'd want to put the elevator in first and then fix up the masonry, including any holes you put in the masonry to replace the elevator.
4. Lastly, murals conservation. Ideally, you would protect the murals during construction by either taking them off-site, if possible, or covering them with sheathing. Either way, they are conserved last.
5 Elements of a City: Node, Edge, Path, District, Landmark
Kevin Lynch
Nodes, "are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are intensive foci to and from which he is traveling. They may be primary junctions, places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to another. Or the nodes may be simply concentrations, which gain their importance from being the condensation of some use or physical character, as a street-corner hangout or an enclosed square ... "
Campus= district
Nodes: - "are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter, and which are intensive foci to and from which he is traveling. They may be primary junctions, places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift from one structure to another. Or the nodes may be simply concentrations, which gain their importance from being the condensation of some use or physical character, as a street-corner hangout or an enclosed
square ... "
1. Paths: routes of circulation
2. Districts: sections having an identifying character
3. Edges: Boundaries, seams
4. Landmarks: points of reference
5. Nodes: centers of activity
These elements overlap (edge is a path; node is a landmark)
Types Of Cities (urban Forms):
The Garden City movement actually advocates leaving behind industrialized large cities to create small, self-contained townships in the country, for less than 50,000 people, that would consist mainly of large rural estates surrounding a core of institutions, shopping, and civic uses.
The original US garden cities - such as Radburn and Corral Gables - were done by Stein and Wright, who were 1920s adherents to Howard's vision. They based these cities directly on the principles and diagrams of Howard, that were used in multiple English garden cities.
The garden city movement is an approach to urban planning that was founded in 1898 by Ebenezer Howard in England. Garden cities were to be planned, self-contained communities surrounded by greenbelts, and containing carefully balanced areas of residences, industry, and agriculture.
Inspired by the Utopian novel Looking Backward, Howard published To-morrow: a Peaceful Path to Real Reform in 1898 (reissued in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow), organized the Garden City Association in 1899, and founded two cities in England: Letchworth Garden City in 1903, and Welwyn Garden City in 1920. (Letchworth is commonly referred to as such, and Welwyn called by its complete name or abbreviated slightly as Welwyn Garden.) Both designs are durable successes and healthy communities today, although not a complete realization of Howard's ideals.
Howard's successor as chairman of the Garden City Association was Sir Frederic Osborn, who extended the movement into regional planning. [1]
The idea of the garden city was influential in the United States (in Newport News, Virginia's Hilton Village; Pittsburgh's Chatham Village; Sunnyside, Queens; Radburn, New Jersey; Jackson Heights, Queens; the Woodbourne neighborhood of Boston; Garden City, New York; and Baldwin Hills Village in Los Angeles), in Canada (in Kapuskasing, Ontario and Walkerville, Ontario) and in Argentina (in ciudad jardín de Lomas del Palomar). The first German garden city, Hellerau, a suburb of Dresden, was founded in 1909. The concept was drawn upon for German worker housing built during the Weimar years, and again in England after World War II when the New Towns Act triggered the development of many new communities based on Howard's egalitarian vision. The garden city movement also influenced the British urbanist Sir Patrick Geddes in the planning of Tel-Aviv, Israel. Contemporary town planning charters like New Urbanism and Principles of Intelligent Urbanism find their origins in this movement. Today, there are many garden cities in the world. Most of them, however, exist as just Dormitory suburbs, which completely differ from what Howard wanted to create.
The City Beautiful movement was based on a philosophy of urban reform that supposed that beauty itself could function as a social control device. This was a movement based in the largest cities, that tried to create moral and civic "virtue" in the people by exposing them to a visual expression of these ideals. This movement came on the heels of works by urban reformers such as Jacob Riis who exposed the deplorable tenement conditions that three quarters of city dwellers lived in at the end of the 19th century.
Progressive reform movement in North American architecture and urban planning that flourished in the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of using beautification and monumental grandeur in cities to counteract the perceived moral decay of poverty-stricken urban environments. The movement, which was originally most closely associated with Chicago, Detroit, and Washington, D.C., did not seek beauty for its own sake, but rather as a social control device for creating moral and civic virtue among urban populations.[1] Advocates of the movement believed that such beautification could thus provide a harmonious social order that would improve the lives of the inner-city poor.
Slopes
As it relates to site information on the PD exam: You may need to understand that a "1 to 2" slope is 6" per foot...more importantly you should be able to identify that (just for example) this slope is considered the maximum for unmowed landscaped slopes.
Gradient or Percentage…
G = d/L x 100 = 5/20 x 100 = 25%
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mvArch
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Posted: Wed Nov 28th, 2007 09:21 pm |
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Great summary - thanks for posting! (just in time, my exam is Monday  )
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LHB
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Posted: Wed Nov 28th, 2007 09:28 pm |
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mine to! Good luck
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mvArch
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Posted: Wed Nov 28th, 2007 09:31 pm |
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| good luck to you too!
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Far Galaxy
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Posted: Thu Nov 29th, 2007 01:08 am |
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hi LHB,
that is one great set of notes.
I haven't got a chance to go through the entire page yet, but will print them out and add to my folder. Thanks for your contribution.
Good luck with the exam.
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BobTheBuilder
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Posted: Thu Nov 29th, 2007 11:04 pm |
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suggest a sticker to this post.
Many thanks for your efforts, and best of lucK!
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nil desperandum
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Posted: Sat Dec 1st, 2007 02:48 pm |
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| Thanks for the post, LHB!
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VB Arch
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Posted: Sun Dec 2nd, 2007 03:58 pm |
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| Thanks for the post. This is a nice summary.
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Kay S
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Posted: Mon Dec 3rd, 2007 05:24 am |
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GREAT POST!!!
Right on time here as well!
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LHB
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Posted: Mon Dec 3rd, 2007 04:36 pm |
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Just got back from Exam....If you study the information I have posted, Construction Documents, Archiflash, and pay attention to what others are saying on the forum, you should be good to go! I have been creating these composite study guides for each test and I will be sure to do the same for Graphics and Structures- They have helped me a great deal and I know they can do the same for others.
Good luck to everyone!
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LHB
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Posted: Thu Dec 27th, 2007 08:34 pm |
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Passed!
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orlo
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Posted: Fri Dec 28th, 2007 11:17 am |
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Great Posting and Congratulations for passing.
Orlando
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Spokes
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Posted: Fri Dec 28th, 2007 07:31 pm |
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